The Lower Extremity Arterial Health And Social Care Essay

This instance of lower appendage thrombosis of vass of both venous and arterial system is selected for instance study as it is a rare signifier of thrombosis with a non really good established intervention mode and forecast. The aim of this survey was to describe the result of a 27 old ages old male patient with traumatic lower appendage venous and arterial thrombosis with both femoral and sciatic nervus hurt treated cautiously with low molecular weight Lipo-Hepin ( LMWH ) and unwritten Coumadin. The information beginnings used were patient interview, research lab and radiology probe consequences and patient charts.Case studyBackgroundLower appendage deep vena thrombosis ( LLDVT ) is an progressively of import clinical entity with possible for considerable morbidity. Pneumonic intercalation ( PE ) is present in up to one-third of patients with LLDVT. When compared with the upper appendages, the venous tracts of the lower appendages are more likely to develop thrombus because of incre ased flow, gravity effects and the absence of stasis. ( 1 ) Most of the breaks with arterial hurts occurred at mid and lower 3rd junction of thighbone. The section of femoral arteria in adductor canal was most normally involved. All the arterial lesions were either at the degree of break or were within 4 centimeter of it.Patient and instance studyA 27 twelvemonth old adult male presented with swelling and mild numbness of left lower limb of two yearss continuance after holding sustained lower limb injury with break of in-between shaft thighbone. After two yearss patient presented with upper tibial skeletal grip pin with Thomas articulatio genus splint holding cold clamsy tegument with absent distal lower limb arterial pulsing along with absent dorsiflexion of pes. ( 2 ) tegument was glistening, no capillary replenishment and ( 7 ) mild swelling of lower limb. Colour of tegument was about normal and no blister formation was at that place. Partial esthesis over lower limb was present at clip of presentation. Degree centigrades: UsersuserPictures2013-02-20 10.47.16.jpg Fig ( 1 ) ; Gross swelling with ecchymosis in fractured thighbone ( 4 ) Sciatic nervus hurt is rare in break of in-between 3rd thighbones but can happen, largely common peroneal portion of sciatic nervus. The femoral nervus can be compressed anyplace along its class, but it is peculiarly susceptible within the organic structure of the psoas musculus, at the iliopsoas channel, at the inguinal ligament. The chief motor constituent innervates the ilio-psoas ( a hip flexor ) and the quadriceps ( a articulatio genus extensor ) . The motor subdivision to the iliopsoas originates in the pelvic girdle proximal to the inguinal ligament. The centripetal subdivision of the femoral nervus, the saphenous nervus, innervates tegument of the median thigh and the anterior and median facets of the calf and after scrutiny we found partial centripetal loss over median facet of thigh and calf along with anterior facet of articulatio genus. After complete neurological scrutiny we found coincident engagement of both femoral and sciatic nervus hurt. Sciatic nervus flights injury in most breaks of the femoral shaft. Mostly sciatic nervus paralysis associated with a break at the distal shaft of the thighbone. The common peroneal division of the sciatic nervus was lacerated by a bone fragment at the break site. . Examination revealed complete palsy of the common peroneal nervus. The motions lost were extension of the mortise joint and toes. Sensibility was lost over the back of the pes and outer side of the leg. There was a positive Tinel ‘s mark over the sciatic nervus at the distal portion of the thigh. Nerve conductivity speed survey suggest left sciatic nervus hurt with engagement of left femoral nervus neurogenic form in musculus screened. In stray femoral neuropathies, the thigh adductors are normal. Although the thigh adductors portion common lumbar roots with the musculuss innervated by the femoral nervus, they are innervated by the obturator nervus along with the sciatic nervus and therefore are spared. But in this instance due to coincident engagement of both nerve adduction of hip besides non elicited. Weakness of the quadriceps musculus and decreased patellar physiological reaction are the most dramatic scrutiny findings. Centripetal shortages consist of numbness of the median thigh and the anteromedial calf.ProbesBiochemical probe revealed decresed hemoglobin with normal leukocyte and platlet counts. liver and kidney profiles was about normal. one of the of import biochemical probe i.e. curdling frofile PT, INR, aPTT ab initio it was 21.7,1.87,29.7 severally. After two yearss of injury ( 3 ) doplar survey of lower limb suggested acute deep venous thrombosis widening from distal superficial femoral vena to popliteal, ant tibial and proximal portion of posterior tibial vena along with low opposition arterial spectrum is seen in the popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial arteria. Paras tardus form with increased accentutation clip and wider monophasic spectrum is seen in the distal posterior tibial arteria and dorsalis pedis artery.Conclusion of dopllar was Superfecial femoral vena shows echogenic thrombi in the lms with partial recanlisation. Nerve conductivity survey suggest left sciatic nervus hurt with engagement of left femoral nervus neurogenic form in musculus screened. CT Angiography survey ( 5 ) was done from lower portion of venters to distal toe by endovenous contrast and bolus tracing technique. Scaning was done in arterial and venous stage demoing non envisioned distal tierce of left superior femoral arteria ( widening 4cm ) with distal portion reconstructed with collaterals with remainder normal survey of lower limb arterial system. Canalization of thrombus distal tierce of left superior femoral vena with partly canalised thrombus in left peroneal vena and posterior tibial vena. Xray study of whole organic structure was done and we found left upper center shaft thighbone break widening to upper terminal with posterolateral angulation. Degree centigrades: UsersuserPictures2013-02-20 10.44.14.jpg Fig ( 2 ) ; anteroposterior position of diphyseal break thighbone He had a no history of abdominal TB. He denied any past history of surgery and endovenous drug usage. No household history of a similar unwellness was detected. Clinical scrutiny revealed few dilated venas in the leg and the upper half thigh. The right lower limb showed normal arterial pulsations and there was no neurological shortage or cadaverous hurt. The patient was treated as an outpatient with low molecular weight Lipo-Hepin ( LMWH ) for 6 yearss and Acitrom ( warferin ) 1mg OD for three yearss so 2mg OD along with Monotrate 10mg and Stiloz 50mg to keep the INR between 2-3. Discussion Patients with high speed injury with major long castanetss breaks have developed lower limb deep venous and arterial thrombosis with both femoral and sciatic nervus hurt are really rare phenomenon. Clinical presentation of major venous thrombosis in the lower limb normally presents with swelling of the lower limb, prominence of superficial venas and neurological symptoms and decreased distal arterial pulsing. The most serious complication of LLDVT is pneumonic intercalation happening in one tierce of the instances. The diagnosing of artero-venous thrombosis is confirmed by either duplex echography. ( 9 ) The intervention options for femoral venous thrombosis include conservative therapy with decoagulants, catheter-mediated thrombolysis and surgical intercession to take the intravascular coagulum. Patients with superficial femoral venous thrombosis due to intrinsic harm require merely anticoagulation therapy whereas those with extrinsic obstructor may necessitate rectification of the surgical pathology every bit good. ( 8 ) An anticoagulation therapy includes Lipo-Hepin followed by unwritten Coumadin for a period of 3 to 6 months maintaining the INR degree 2.0 to 3.0.arterial hurt are genrally treated with autogenos saphenous vena transplant after stabilization of break by external fixator in complete arterial occullsion. But in this instance after angiographic rating we get not visualised distal tierce of left superior femoral arteria ( widening 4cm ) with distal portion reconstructed with collaterals within 48 hours that is really rare and unusual phenomenon and limb survived with conservative intervention of break within Thomas knee splint without any unusual events.

Face of Freedom Essay

Read the question below and use your knowledge of the time period to write your response. You are welcome to refer back to the lesson; however, all writing should be in your own words. Question: Explain how freedoms for African Americans were socially, politically, and economically limited from 1865 to 1900? Your response should consist of at least three paragraphs including one paragraph for each of the following: social limitations political limitations economic limitations You should also include at least one person, term, or event from the lesson in each paragraph. African Americans were heavily persecuted in the time period, the late 1800’s as they faced various obstacles that threatened their social, political, and economic freedoms. African Americans struggled to get jobs, even more sparingly was equal pay. They had limits on places they could go to, punishable by ample time in jail. The weren’t able to get a high class job like us Americans. African Americans were not allowed to marry the white or go to the same schools. The African Americans had a hard time living in the 1800’s. Jim Crow’s law is a great example for this. African Americans were prevented from exercising their new political rights. The Klu Klux Klan were an extremist group that were against the African American. They Intimidated the voters, burned schools, and destroyed homes that belonged to black people and even antagonized the white folks who saw African Americans as people. Also, politicians and other people who strongly disliked African Americans made literacy tests and poll taxes in order to keep African Americans from voting as the tests and the tax sometimes were not enacted upon the white people. African Americans still had limited economic freedom even after the end of the Civil War. The biggest problem after the Civil War but did not know exactly where to go, especially in the South. The traveled far away, some stayed and did hard labor due to they didn’t have any where else to go or nobody to see. Not everyone was able to acquire their own land, which created the poverty of sharecropping. An example of limitation also is the black codes. The African Americans had to work hard, but is also helped maintain a cheap source of farm labor and sustain social hierarchy.

Criminological Theories in Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminological Theories in Crime - Essay Example The criticism of the theory is mainly based on the claim that there is nothing like a criminal gene. However, certain evidences have been put forward in recent times to show that genetics are a source of criminal behavior. This paper will explore the merits of the idea that genetics are a source of criminal behavior. It will also examine the strengths and weaknesses of the evidences surrounding genetics and crime. The essay will then look at whether the police departments should consider or dismiss the findings. Finally, the paper will explore the dangers of believing in the existence of a criminal gene, as well as the consequences the existence of the gene may have in the field of criminal justice system. Namazi (2010) notes that there is a divided opinion regarding the role of genes in criminal behaviors. However, some research conducted in the past has suggested that genes contribute largely to criminal behaviors among individuals. What these studies suggests is that, a child whos e farther happens to have been a criminal, is most likely to become a criminal in the future due to genetic influence. Despite having been refuted by some theories that maintain that there is no criminal gene, the twin and adoption theories provide a good connection between genetics and criminal behaviors (Cassel and Bernstein, 2007). ... For example, a study conducted by Christiansen in Demark, found out that genetics plays a vital role in influencing the criminality (Cassel and Bernstein, 2007). In conducting the study, Christiansen surveyed a population of 3,586 twin pairs. From the study, Christiansen found 52% of the twins concordant for criminality for male-male identical twin pairs and 22% concordant for male-male fraternal twin pairs (Cassel and Bernstein, 2007). This evidence suggested that identical twins inherit some biological characteristics, which increases their risk of being registered for criminal behaviors. A similar study conducted in the United States and Sweden showed a higher concordance for criminality amongst MZ than DZ twins did (van Dusen and Mednick, 1983). This studies support the claims that genetics influence criminal behaviors amongst individuals in society. Several adoption studies conducted in 1970s and 1980s have also provided convincing evidence that genetics influence criminal behav iors. According to adoption studies, having a parent who have been imprisoned at one time increases an individual’s risk of getting a criminal conviction when the person grows up regardless of whether the person is brought up by pro-social, law-abiding, and genetically unrelated relatives. The adoption studies established that genetic effects on criminality are important for both sexes. However, the genetic risk was found to be higher for female than male offenders were (Mednick, Gabrielli and Hutchings, 1984). Regarding an adoptive study conducted in the U.S., Mednick, Gabrielli, and Hutchings (1984) noted an increased rate of criminality in 42 Iowan adoptees with criminal biological mothers. Another study conducted by Mednick, Gabrielli and

Globalization Consequancess on Jordan Case Study

Globalization Consequancess on Jordan - Case Study Example By 1994, participants to the Uruguay Round of the treaty have totalled 123 countries. By 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was incepted, becoming the successor of the GATT. Currently with 153 countries as members of the WTO, the organisation embodies the implementations of the liberalisation of trade among nations, encouraging economies of its member nations to open up to global markets. Smaller and emerging economies of the 3rd world and developing countries have very often expressed dissent over issues on matters where the sheer size and volume of trade from the direction of the more developed economies have disadvantaged the former than worked fairly in everyone's favour. Jordan signed up with the WTO in April, 2000. "Small scale industries sector was a major contributor to the industrial economy of Jordan. It accounts for 50% of the total manufacturing sector, has 20% share in exports and provides 80% of employment in industrial sectors"(Lozi, p.98) On account of this economic reality in Jordan, the small scale industry (SSI) sector is a significant indicator of the effects of globalization of trade. Since the early 1990's, the SSI sector of Jordan has already found itself in the competitive situations induced by international trade's open market environments. In a study by Basem Mohammed Lozi of the Amman College for Administrative and Financial Sciences, Al Balga Applied University in Jordan, the effects of such pressures from international competition has actually favoured the SSI sector. He writes, "Liberalization have forced all industries to constantly upgrade their quality while cutting down the costs if they want to remain and retain their place and share in the global market. Small scale industries world over including Jordan were facing the on slight of the adverse effects of globalization in the stringent requirements of quality costs, tight delivery schedules and productivity."(Lozi, p.98) Apparently, like most, if not all small scale industry sectors the world over, globalisation has become challenge to shape up in the face of international competition and demand of stricter parameters of business and trade. Unlike many in the developing economies that merely suffered on account of their inability to cope, Jordan, however, rose to the challenge. Lozi concludes, "This has resulted in more growth in its contribution to national income and exports in the 1990s."(Lozi, p 102) Nevertheless, Lozi recommends strategic directions for Jordan: "Concerted efforts are needed both from the government and more importantly, from small scale industries themselves to imbibe technological dynamism into Jordanian small scale industries. Technological up gradation and in-house technological innovations and promotion of inter-firm linkages need to be encouraged consciously and consistently." (Lozi, p 102) Globalisation and the Jordanian Society Globalisation is not only the organised and structured pressures to open local trade and economic circumstances to international markets and

Self Cleaning Toilet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Cleaning Toilet - Essay Example My target market will include homes and public places where at homes, this product will facilitate old age people, working men and women, and children; and also, this product will be used in schools and colleges, offices, parks, and shopping areas. The main intention before the usage of this product will be the saving of time and energy in using toilets. Since old age people and children are too feeble to clean the toilet after using it and working people and students are also running short of time, hence this product is especially designed for them. Public places also need them since people often do not consider cleaning the toilets themselves properly after using them. Public places need to be hygienically cleaned which this product very efficiently ensures because the cleaning cycle is nearly of forty seconds which includes the flush, the cleaning of bowl and seat, and disinfecting and drying of the floor. My Marketing Approach I would mainly use the brochure marketing approach. M y color brochures will actually be a guide for the readers that would tell them the usefulness of the automated toilets and how they are going to save them time and energy.

Discuss healthcare systems organizational structure, financing, Assignment

Discuss healthcare systems organizational structure, financing, mission, vision, philosophy, and values - Assignment Example ciety as a whole and how the overall healthcare system is linked with other sectors of the economy to support and bolster the overall good of the society. (Skolnik, 2012, p.52) It is therefore clearly established that the overall goals, mission and vision of a healthcare system shall be focused upon delivering good health and generating and allocating financial resources fairly. The financial resources of the healthcare system therefore either are generated through the public funds or through public-private partnership arrangements along with self-funding through patients. It is however, critical to understand that overall organizational structure can also result into the restriction of the access to the healthcare providers. (Andersen, Vedsted, Olesen, Bro, & Ndergaard,2011). The concept of gatekeeping into the overall organizational structure of healthcare system is resulting into a change in the overall relationship between the healthcare providers and the patients. Since one of the components of the organizational structure is service delivery it is therefore critical that organizational structure shall not be the restricting factor in the overall delivery of efficient and effective healthcare services to the patients. Andersen, R. S., Vedsted, P., Olesen, F., Bro, F., & Ndergaard, J. S. (2011). Does the organizational structure of health care systems influence care-seeking decisions?A qualitative analysis of Danish cancer patients’ refl ections on care-seeking. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care,

Comparison of Christianity and Buddhism as Universal Religions Essay

Comparison of Christianity and Buddhism as Universal Religions - Essay Example In natural religion, individuals make choices to reject or accept given practices. However, ethnic religion makes an entire rejection of natural religion impossible. There are numerous natural religions, among them being Christianity and Buddhism. With universal religions, there is an active search for converts thereby not limited to a given people. Again, universal religions reflect in terms of individual salvation, which makes them voluntary. The salvation of an individual is independent of that of a community and neither does the community affects an individual’s salvation. Like other universal religions, Christianity and Buddhism have particular founders. This paper compares and contrasts Christianity and Buddhism as universal religions. Buddhists believe in no God. For the Buddhists, a supreme God is not known. In addition, Buddhism believes in no creator, omnipotent or omnipresent God. There is also no believe in a Lord over his creation. However, Buddhists believe that there exists only the eternalness of a remote emptiness or void. Emptiness, for the Buddhists, is inexistent (Hattaway 203). This implies that God does not exist. Christians, on the other hand, believe that there is a God who is all-loving and all Christians must have a relationship with Him. However, the existence of a loving and caring God to the Buddhists reflects ignorance. This is because desire results from ignorance. In addition, Christians believe in God as their creator who gave each man a purpose to live. For the Buddhists, the cause and effect of human living are Karma. As a result, Buddhists would equate God to Karma, ignorance, and void (Hattaway 204).

Discuss the roles of cognition and emotion in moral judgment, with Essay

Discuss the roles of cognition and emotion in moral judgment, with particular reference to the research of Greene et al (2001). Approximately 1000 words - Essay Example ; in the trolley dilemma, whereby a runaway trolley will kill five people and a person is given the choice to press one switch whereby instead of five, only one person will be killed, people generally deem it appropriate to press the switch. In the footbridge dilemma, however, whereby there is a person on the bridge who needs to be pushed down in front of the trolley to save five people, though he will himself be killed, people deem it inappropriate to push that person from the bridge in front of the trolley. The question arises that though the effect of both dilemmas is the same, i.e. one person needs to die to save five from dying, however, people are more reluctant to push someone on to the tracks, though not to press a switch. The question that arises in the minds of moral philosophers is: â€Å"what makes it morally acceptable to sacrifice one life to save five in the trolley dilemma but not in the footbridge dilemma?† (Green et al, 2001). Green et al purpose that perhaps, if one is to take the approach of Immanuel Kant, it can be said that the reluctance arises out of the fact that in the first example, the person is just unfortunately in the way of the trolley, whereas in the second one would have to literally use him to achieve the required end. However, when the same example is changed slightly and the track is looped so that if the body of that one person does not stop it, it will kill the five people, people still think it appropriate to let that one person’s body be used to stop the trolley. Green et al suggest that there is no one correct solution to this problem, there is still confusion as to why in one case it is appropriate for a man’s body to be used to save five people, while inappropriate in another case. The problem also lies in the fact that there are no moral reasons on which these two situations can be distinguished and there are no set moral principles to guide people in coming up with a solution to this problem. Green et al maintain

Utilitarianism - Morality Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Morality Essay The use of utilitarianism when making moral decisions leads to an injustice society, evaluate this claim. The use of utilitarianism is a controversial subject for many people, some believe by using it, it can bring happiness to the majority of society, others say by using utilitarianism it can take away peoples own judgment making our society unjust. Strengths of Bentham’s theory begin with the fact that utilitarianism offers a relatively straightforward method for deciding the morally right course of action for any particular situation we may find ourselves in. Utilitarianism treats everyone the same, no one gets special treatment due to their emotional or social attachments, and Bentham wanted us to strive for happiness, his principle of utility states the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people. In order to make sure we follow this statement Bentham devised the hedonic calculus as a way of measuring happiness; this name was chosen based on its Greek meaning of pleasure. For many people happiness is an important aspect of decision making as it is their main aim in life, the Hedonic calculus assists us in our moral decision making because it covers all the aspects of happiness for not one but all, the outcome is not bias and takes everyone’s feelings into account, by having happiness as a basis behind how we make decisions it allows us to adopt a flexible relativistic approach to each situation, aiming for the greatest happiness for the greatest number is discourages selfishness which then leads to a better society due to everyone being fair and reasonable. Mel Thompson agreed with Bentham, he said that Act utilitarianism appears to be simple to follow, just aim to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number†. The positive and negative consequences of our actions can be measured. This gives us an objective, independent way of deciding on what is right and wrong. Utilitarianism doesn’t rely on specific beliefs about God; this is helpful to all religious people and the growing number of atheists in our society. Utilitarianism is straight forward and based on the principle of minimising pain and maximising pleasure and happiness, it does not take into account religion, meaning the outcome may be more fair, some religious people have prejudices towards certain minorities meaning that women or homosexuals may be victimised, people who are religious may choose to do something because the bible says it, for example the slave trade was in the bible, but if they had used the hedonic calculus instead of the bible then it wouldn’t of happened, furthermore is would of lead to a just society, another example would be if someone was racist and was about to make a decision about a black person using their mind then the outcome would be unjust, but if they used the hedonic calculus it would lead to justice because the hedonic calculus does not take personal views into account. There are also many weaknesses to Bentham’s theory starting with the idea that some things are unpredictable and we should not base our ethical choices on something that may or may not happen. Utilitarianism has a different strategy when it comes to justice, our normal idea of justice would relate to everyone being treated fairly, utilitarianism allows some people to be sacrificed for the greater good, some people would argue that this in unfair and leads to an unjust society. One of the main weaknesses of Benthams version of Utilitarianism is that there is the potential to justify any act. This is because Benthams version is based, yes on the consequences of an action, but on the pleasure gained from an action. For example, if seven men were walking down an alley and stabbed a girl to death, then according to Benthams device The Hedonic Calculus the amount of the mens pleasure would completely outweigh the amount of the womans pain, and would therefore make the action of killing the women morally right. If you get rid of rules and allow people to choose to act in the greater good, they will actually act selfishly, and then try to justify their actions by claiming they were in the greater good, this would also lead to an unjust society because people would and argue that they were trying to follow the hedonic calculus. Imagine someone killed one healthy person and gave their organs to save 5 others. The balance of happiness over harm supports doing this according to the hedonic calculus, but we know that it is not right, Another argument against utilitarianism would be the idea of happiness and how it differs depending on the individual, happiness is not the same for everyone, one person’s happiness could be meaningless to another, this flaws utilitarianism due to the idea that it predicts that everyone’s idea of happiness is the same. Utilitarianism ignores the motives of actions, so long as the end is good, sexually this could mean that immoral means could be taken to obtain pleasure, so long as the pleasure outweighs any pain. In conclusion all the information shows that utilitarianism can help many people in the situations they may face throughout their life, but altogether does lead to injustice with in society, this is because utilitarianism assumes you can know the definite answer to every decision you make, this would be impossible for any human to achieve, the information leads to a conclusion that can justify evil acts, for example, if eight prison guards find a sense of happiness from beating the prisoners, then their acts of evil will be overlooked if someone was basing their decision on the hedonic calculus because in theory the happiness of the guards will out way the prisoners.

Roman Empire Essay Example for Free

Roman Empire Essay The Romans created urban centers that looked and functioned much like our urban centers do today. Pick an example of an actual coliseum, arena, or civic center in your area. Describe its style and function as if it were a Roman building in a Roman city. The term arena, signifying the place of combat, is derived from arena or harena, the sand sprinkled on the fighting field to soak up blood and facilitate cleaning. I would compare our local coliseum to the Roman urban center, it is named Hampton Coliseum and it has held numerous events such as the urban center. The Hampton Coliseum is basically the center of the city of Hampton such as an urban center in a Roman city. The Hampton Coliseum is arena like and the size of a football field. The Hampton Coliseum had its ground breaking on May 24, 1968. There were 96 exterior triangular shaped concrete wall panels poured, each weighing approximately 26 tons. Each panel was pelted with stones to give a speckled appearance. Also cast on the site were 700 concrete bleacher sections, weighing from one to three tons each. In all, 17,000 cubic yards of concrete were used for the structure, including 300 cubic yards for the arena floor alone. The floor contains nearly 10 miles of coolant coil for freezing the ice rink. The floor of the arena is almost the size of a football field. I have included pictures of the coliseum to show the comparison to a Roman building. This is the inside of the Hampton Coliseum. This is the outside of the Hampton Coliseum. As you can see in the pictures the structure is very similar to a Roman building as far as the rectangular shape of the entrance and triangular walls in a circular pattern so that the seats could be constructed on the upper floors and balconies of the surrounding buildings and erect barriers at the entry points on ground level. If you look at the Hampton Coliseum and a Roman building like the one below, you can see how much they are alike.

Drug Addiction In Pakistan Youths

Drug Addiction In Pakistan Youths Drug addiction is a state of periodic or constant intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug. Its characteristics include Uncontrollable desire to continue taking the drugs, a tendency to increase the dose after interval of time, a psychological and physical dependence on drugs, effects of drugs on individual and society. Drug addiction is an abnormal condition which arises due to frequent drug use. The disorder of addiction involves the progression of sensitive drug use to the development of drug-seeking behavior, the openness to decline and the decreased, slowed ability to respond to naturally rewarding stimuli. Drug addiction is basically a chronic disease affecting the brain, heart and other parts of body. Youngster start taking drugs at their teen ages and the first step of addiction to drugs is smoking. Drugs affect different people in different ways. One person can take and abuse drugs, yet never become addicted, while another merely has one experience and is immediately hooked. It can be said that dugs addiction is just a state of mind. Drug addiction is often overshadowed by many of the countrys other human development problems, such as poverty, illiteracy, and lack of awareness and basic health care center. But the fact is that drug addiction is rapidly growing among the youth of Pakistan. Drug addiction is a complex brain disease. It is characterized by compulsive, at time uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking and use that persist even in the face of extremely negative consequences. Drug seeking becomes compulsive, in large part as a result of the effect of prolonged drug use on brain functioning and also on behavior. For many people, drugs addiction becomes chronic, with relapses possible even after long period of abstinence. I chose this topic because I think it is necessary for todays society which is taken over by the curse of drugs, mostly High School and university students are involved in it. It the main reason, today youth is distracted from their ambitions, and due to it today Pakistan, even after 63 years of independence, is 3rd world country. One of the reasons is that some people who want to quit but due to the lack of health care centre, they are unable to quit. Some people also involve in illegal activities to take drugs because they are not financially strong. This study will help us analyze the effects of drug addiction and will help us find better alternatives. Drug addiction is a state in which the body feel relax and comfortable. Drug addiction among youngsters is increasing day by day, which have a very negative effect on our society. Review of Literature This study help us to examine that individual who are addicted to drugs are viewed negatively overall in the society. This research indicate that negative attitude are clear among young generation and it gradually increase with the age, so that the literature review indicate that level and accuracy of knowledge about mental illness increase from childhood through adolescence, negative attitude in youth also raise with the passage of time. On the other hand, adolescence is often accompanied by peer pressure or by other recourses. According to the study, it is also found that current users Marijuana says that it is less dangerous than other drugs. The study show that drug addiction is found in males as well as females and this trend is gradually increasing especially in females, and it is also shown in the study that trend of drugs among adolescent is also increasing in urban and rural schools. Results show that age-stigma association is quite independent of sex and residence. It also shows one of a factor that who are addicted to drugs are due to their close friends or you can say due to bad company. This study shows the reasons and causes by which teenagers are motivated toward drugs. It show that who use drugs on a regular or occasionally are strongly supportive by personal choice due to lack of concentration from their parents and for enjoyment with their friends to eliminate their boredom. The reasons which are not using drugs in this study include lack of interest and fear from drugs and also from their parents and opposite reaction of their elders. The main purpose of this study is to emphasize the significance of parents in this regard. This research show the fact that increasing majority of children reported using drugs because they enjoyed them or they were bored and they want themselves to remain busy in some other alternative activities. The use of illegal drugs in children and teenagers are gradually increasing day by day. Result of this study showed that the main reason by which youth is motivating toward drugs is due to the peer pressure and their friends which were involved in such illegal activities. The other aspect to conduct this research was to finds the reasons that why some children do not use drugs. The first reason was lack of interest in the effects of drugs. Other main reasons included fear of immediate effect of substance, fear of physical and psychological harm and fear of becoming addicted to drugs. The finding and conclusion of this study is to get the reasons behind drug related decision especially in children and teenagers. Both who use drugs and who do not give lot of explanation and reasons. Children who do not use drugs reported that they are not involved in drugs are due to lack of interest in this activity, worries about the cost of getting caught by police or their parents. As we all know the health hazards of smoking. Everyone is familiar from this fact but this curse is rapidly increasing among youngster. The main objective of this study is to investigate the signs of tobacco use, smoking as well as snuffing, at the age when most of the young generation is diverted toward this curse. In this study, it is found that now a day, smoking is becoming very common in girls as well. Sweden has the highest frequency of smoking all over the world. It is found in the study that frequency of snuffing among teenagers has amplified since the early 1970s, whereas the graph of smoking has reduced slightly during last decade. The purpose of this research is to explore teenagers thinking of tobacco use, their shared ideas and images, how these design are reflected in their report about their own and other people tobacco use and also the ways understandings of tobacco use are related to the teenagers development of a gender identity. It is found in the study that smokin g cigarette offered males as well as females a short break from their daily routine and strains of family life. According to teenagers, smoking will ultimately lead to the break-down of the whole body. They also explain that invisible process inside the body, when smoking, will gradually be visible on the outside of the body. This research shows that youngsters think that snuffing has a positive effect as they increase their sports performance. But the fact is something else. Smoking and snuffing is just a mind satisfaction activity, as it affects lung and heart. On the other hand, it also affect externally like u see that the color of lip and teethes and even the color of face of smokers are also changed after a period of time. Some people are attracted to danger, and want to face risk, which is one of the reasons for them to start smoking. In addition, it is examined in the study that tobacco use is basically based on human nature. Smoking is a part of teenage lifestyle, such as b eing together with friends for hangout, parties etc. It is concluded from the analysis that now a days, new generation is well aware from all illegal activities such as, smoking, snuffing, drinking etc. This research paper shows the planned use of prescription drugs of intoxicating properties other than physicians description of specific drugs for intoxicating means or for bona fide medical condition, which is dangerous for human health. Research shows the rapidly increasing rate of abuse of such drug among youth, especially teenager. Such type of abuse of drugs is one of the biggest and main sources of drug addiction. In 2003, approximately 15 million US citizens were involved in using of prescription drugs for its intoxicating quality. For minimizing the rate of prescription drug misuse, government is making strategies to identify the early signs and effective clinical practices to prevent people from getting into it to avoid from massive problems in future. The most abundantly used drug in UK is Alcohol and teenagers use it more than the limit described for health which 21 and 14 units per week for males and female respectively. Those who are new to alcohol must use bellow the limit for the safe side. This study is about the relationship between excessive use of alcohol and its affect on human memory. It is identified from surveys among excessive use and low-dose user that those who use alcohol in excess amount face everyday memory errors than low-dose. Excessive use of alcohol has a direct relation on memory errors and neuropsychological deficits. Alcohol is very harmful for heart, liver and other sensitive parts of human body. The finding of this study is that use of substance is highly common among homeless and street-involved young people. Study confirmed that variables measuring psychological dysfunction and homeless culture predicted alcohol addiction, while institutional disaffiliation and homeless culture predicted drug addiction. Findings affirm distinct patterns of division related to alcohol compared to drug addiction. As homeless, street-involved young people continue to use drugs and alcohol as a strategy to cope with the various detrimental experiences associated with living on the streets, the result is often further societal estrangement. This study also show that engaging in criminal behaviors has been identified as an indicator of disaffiliation, especially among homeless population. Seeking drug-using friends and involvement in social networks that reinforce drug-related choices, attitudes and behaviors increases youths assimilation into homelessness culture. The purpose of this study was to determine whether domains of social estrangement are associated with homeless youths alcohol and drug addiction. Results show that specific domains of social estrangement do predict addiction, while others prevent from this activity. Purpose to conduct this study is to estimate the incidence rate of initiation into drug injection and to identify predictors of initiation into drug injection separately among street girls and boys. This research show that that injected drugs are rapidly increasing day by day in street youth of Northern America and Canada. This situation represents a significant public health issue as young injection drug users are known to be the population at highest risk for HIV and HCV infections. This is the first study to measure incidence rates of initiation into drug injection by gender among youth at risk. Observed incidence rates are similar for boys and girls, results found having no association between gender and having ever injected drugs. In a study of young Canadian offenders, more girls aged 16-19 injected than their male counterparts of the same age. In this study, it is noticeable that girls were more likely to report having started injection using heroin while more boys reported ha ving used cocaine as their first drug of injection. Results show that recent heroin use and recent cocaine use respectively tripled and doubled the risk of initiation for both girls and boys. Objective of this study is to observe social contexts and processes influencing evolution to drug injection among street youth. This study show that some combinations of street life and drug use trajectories seem to contribute to injection among street youth. This study clearly shows the pertinence of examining how drug use practices are influenced by the individuals relations with their social environments. This study is the first qualitative investigation of the social processes that lead street youth to adopt drug injection. One of main finding is that the manner in which drug injection inserts itself into a youths life trajectory varies depending on when youth come into contact with the street, as well as their relations with the street scene and drug use. In this respect, it should be pointed out how diverse the trajectories of street youth are. While it is not possible to state with certainty that a youth will never inject drugs, it appears that certain youth have trajectories that are more prone to injection drug use than others. This study is conducted on street youth on adolescent and young adults who spend their most time living and working on the streets. This socially and economically disadvantaged population is marked by perilous living conditions, including poverty, homelessness, and drug use. In study of homeless youth, the odds of an earlier suicide attempt were nearly four times greater among youth with an active diagnosis of depression, and nearly two times greater among youth who reported symptoms of hopelessness. In addition, depression is associated with high-risk behaviors, such as injection drug use and unprotected sexual intercourse that predispose youth to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV infection is itself a well recognized risk factor for mortality among street youth. We observed a very high frequency of depressive symptoms among street youth, with more than four in 10 street youth reporting CES-D score _22. The greatest number of depressive symptoms was observed among we ekly heroin users, followed by weekly crystal methamphetamine users, then weekly cocaine/crack users, and finally, daily marijuana users. The research paper was on the impact of maternal alcohol and illicit drug use on childrens behavior problem and the objective of this study is to use a large, national sampling of mothers and children to test for evidence of casual relationship between maternal alcohol, marijuana and cocaine use and its effects on childrens health problem. This study provides some evidence that maternal substance use may be linked causally to childrens behavior problems. Although TSLS results are challenging due to the poor performance of the identifying instruments, OLS models, family fixed-effects models, and mother-child fixed-effects models all suggest that maternal marijuana and cocaine use are associated with increases in 4-15-year-old childrens BPI scores. Maternal alcohol use, as measured by the number of days the mother used alcohol in the past month, appears to affect behavior problems. This result is sensitive, however, to the addition of maternal depression and smoking measures. Moreover, the magnitude of this effect is very small, and maternal indulge drinking had no constant impact on childrens behavior problem. This study is about the depression and participation of youth in selling and use of illicit drugs. The argument starts with the theory that drug selling and drug use augment each other, both at the individual level and at the aggregate level. For example, someone who sells drugs has relatively cheap access to drugs. And, someone who uses drugs may sell to help finance his/her use. The conceptual framework postulates that a recession would have direct positive effects on the prevalence of youth drug selling but ambiguous direct effects on youth drug use. The conceptual framework also postulates that drug selling and drug use are inter-connected at the individual level and the cumulative level. Thus, any effect of a recession on one would likely affect the other in the same direction. The limited empirical evidence indicates that both drug selling and drug use among youth is higher when the economy is weaker. The current economic crisis will likely increase both youth drug selling and drug use relative to what they would have otherwise been. As we all are familiar that humans are routinely exposed to a vast array of environmental neurotoxicants, including pesticides, endocrine disrupters, and heavy metals. The long term consequences of exposure have become a major human health concern as research has indicated strong associations between neurotoxicants and a variety of dopamine-related neurological disorders. This study was conducted to know the effects of environmental neurotoxicants on the dopaminergic system and the possible role in drug addiction. A large variety of studies have demonstrated that a vast assortment of environmental neurotoxicants have deleterious effects on the dopaminergic system, consequently enhancing or impairing DA neurotransmission and disrupting DA-associated behaviors including motor control, motivation and attention, and potentially, vulnerability to drug addiction. Pesticides and insecticides, such as dihedron, parquet, and rotenone, tend to decrease DA activity and can lead to diseases such as PD, which are characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Studies appear to express a link between environmental neurotoxicity exposure and drug addiction although much work needs to be done to further identify and characterize the underlying mechanism involved. Bupropion is an effective medication in smoking cessation and has a good safety and side effect profile. The effects of bupropion on extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum were investigated using raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in rats administered saline, bupropion and in healthy human volunteers administered. A cognitive task was used to stimulate dopamine release in the human study. In rats, bupropion significantly decreased raclopride specific binding in the striatum, consistent with increases in extracellular dopamine concentrations. In man, no significant decreases in striatal raclopride specific binding were observed. Levels of dopamine transporter occupancy in the rat at bupropion were higher than predicted to occur in man at the dose used. Thus, these data indicate that, at the low levels of dopamine transporter occupancy achieved in man at clinical doses, bupropion does not increase extracellular dopamine levels. These findings have important im plications for understanding the mechanism of action underlying bupropions therapeutic efficacy and for the development of novel treatments for addiction and depression. For a long period of time, China implemented restraining drug policies to cope with drug-related problems but on the other hand, the situation of drug addiction has rapidly worsened since the early 1990s. For example, the number of registered illicit drug users in the country increased from approximately 70,000 in 1990 to 1.16 million by the end of 2005. This paper is projected to intricate on the general principles of Chinas latest Drug Control Law from the point of view of scholars who are involved in the field of drug addiction research and treatment in China. This paper also discussed the challenges we are currently facing, based on the observations and practical experiences the authors have obtained in China. It is hoped that by addressing these issues, we will be able to implement the new Drug Control Law more successfully and ensure that we deal more effectively with drug addiction in China. Methodology: This drug addiction survey is based on questionnaire from age (12 to 19) years, which is derived from 2005 cycle of Ontario student drug use survey. This research is conducted through questionnaire as mentioned above and the items of questionnaire are (1) Would you be afraid to talk or interact someone who is addicted to drugs. (2) Would you make friend someone who is addicted to drugs? (3) Would you feel embarrassed or ashamed if your friend knew that someone in your family was addicted to drugs? In this research, Ordinary least square regression is used to oversee and examine the relationship between age, sex, urban city, individuals and peer groups. Quadratic and linear age terms are included in this model. In this methodology, age variables were centered in order to reduce the correlation between the linear and quadratic term and interaction term. The data on which this study is based was collected under large study of pre-teenagers and schoolchildrens attitude and behavior toward illegal drugs and their experience. This research had both quantitative and qualitative components Data is basically collected by the survey which depends on questionnaire. Data is also gathered by interviews of individual to understand the thoughts and perception about drugs in children. Basically, the sample of this study is school in Glasgow and Newcastle. The quantitative element consisted of a survey of 2382 between ten to twelve year old children in 47 schools of Glasgow. To capture teenagers concepts of tobacco use, a qualitative approach with focused group interview was conducted for this research. Group discussion is the most useful and helpful way of sampling. The sample on which the research is conducted with 43 ninth grade students having age between 14 to 15 years old at two schools in inner Stockholm. Interviews are based on eight themes those are; (1) health and tobacco use, (2) the age limit of tobacco purchase, (3) school and tobacco use, (4) media and tobacco use, (5) the aesthetics of tobacco use (6) the pointless tobacco use, (7) presentation of self, peers and adults as tobacco-users, (8) presentation of self and peers who do not use tobacco. The majority of the 25 non-tobacco-users had tried smoking earlier, 12 boys and one girl had tried snuffing. Among the 18 tobacco users more girls than boys use tobacco on a daily basis. This research is conducted with the help of scientific questions. In this study, group discussion and interview are also conducted to read the state of minds of drug user that how these drugs affect their health and brain. Scientific questions highlights the need for research into the effects of prescription drugs on the developing brain, using both vitro and vivo models. Sample of this research is teenagers of United States. In this study, existing -groups design was adopted to compare existing groups of excessive alcohol users and low dose user. The sample on which this research is conducted is the students of colleges and universities of North-East of England and each participant was tested individually at their respective college and university. Forty-five participants were identified as excessive alcohol users having 28 females, 17 males, mean age of the participants is 17 years. Sixty-three were identified as low-dose/no-alcohol users having 41 females, 22 males and mean age is 16 years. Alcohol and other drug use were assessed using Recreational Drug Use Questionnaire. Prospective memory Questionnaire (PMQ) was administered first, followed by the drug-use questionnaire and the whole testing time per participant was approximately 25 minutes. Sample selected to conduct this research is three U.S. cities are Los Angeles, CA; Austin, TX and St. Louis, MO. Participate in the study, had to be 18-24 years old, have spent at least 2 weeks away from home in the month before the interview, and provide written informed consent. The dependent variable for the current study reflected alcohol or drug addiction as measured by the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview. Addiction to alcohol and various substances was measured by participant responses to a series of yes/no questions that identified those meeting criteria for abuse or dependence. Analyses were performed using SPSS, version 16 with statistical significance. In this study, chi-square, t-test and regression model is also used as a methodology. Data were collected using semi-annual interviewer-administered questionnaires. Variables from the following domains were considered in Cox regression models: socio-demographic characteristics, early and current substance abuse, marginalization, childhood traumatic sexual events and injection exposure. The sample on which this research is conducted is some specific areas of North America, Canada, Baltimore and Thailand. In this 95% confidence intervals were based on the Poisson distribution. Unvaried and multivariate Cox regression models with time-varying covariates were used to examine predictors of initiation into drug injection. The sample for this study is 42 street youth who participated in in-depth interviews. A typology of experiences was built founded on youths street life and drug use trajectories. The transition to drug injection was examined through these experiences. This research is conducted by a qualitative study grounded in symbolic interactions, a theoretical perspective through which, to understand the evolution of human behaviors, subjects are considered as creative social actors in their world. The study sample was composed of 42 street youth aged 15-25 years. 16 participants were girls, and 26 were boys. At the time of the interview, 17 of them had never injected drugs. Of the remaining 25 who had injected drugs, 8 had tried injection without pursuing it further, 8 had stopped after having injected regularly, and 9 were actively injecting, 1 of whom had been doing so for less than a year. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted in this research plan. This study was conducted between October 2005 and November 2007, data were collected from a cohort of street recruited youth aged 14-26 residing in Vancouver, Canada, for the At-Risk Youth Study. Active drug users were classified by predominant substance of use: daily marijuana use, weekly cocaine/crack use, weekly crystal methamphetamine use, or weekly heroin use. Adjusted mean number of depressive symptoms (measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression [CES-D] scale) was compared among the four groups using multiple linear regressions. Logistic regression was also used to assess adjusted odds of CES-D score _22. In this research paper, the child mental health production function is represented empirically by Equation. BP Iijt = ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1Ajt + ÃŽ ±2Xit + ÃŽ ±3Xjt + ÃŽ ±4ui + ÃŽ ±5uj + ÃŽ µijt. The other equation for maternal demand for substances like alochal is: Ajt = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²1Pt + ÃŽ ²2Yjt + ÃŽ ²3uj + ωjt. Bupropion administration was calculated as: Occupancy  ¼ SBRvehicle−SBRbupropion h I =SBRvehicle 100 Ten healthy participants were recruited by public advertisement (80% male; 90% right handed; average age: 47 ±6.7 years; age range 37-58 years). Nine of the 10 subjects were nonsmokers; the single participant who smoked consumed ∠¼10 cigarettes/day. None of the participants were currently taking any prescribed medication. All participants gave their written, informed consent to be included in the study.

A Reader Response to The Lie Essays -- Lie Essays

A Reader Response to The Lie Pleasing people and the pressure that comes with it. This is a major factor in one's everyday life. Eli Remenzel, however, has been caught in the middle of just one of the many lies he will ever tell. It just happens to be that this lie was one that would make a lot of people disappointed. In the short story "The Lie", the parents, and Eli's actions make me angry. However, I can definitely relate to what Eli is going through. To start with, I got extremely annoyed with the mother throughout the story. Actually, it wasn't just the mother, it was both of the parents in general. Sylvia is way to bubbly and fake. And Dr. Remenzel is extremely self-centered."Eli, sit up! What's the matter with you?". Dr. Remenzel is too obsessed with the family image to pay attention to the obvious hints his son is providing. The thought of Mrs. Remenzel considering to ask for special accomidations for Eli angers me. She acts like the typical rich family is percieved. "I thought maybe through some flu...

Nursing Ethics: Patient Abandonment Essay -- Nursing Case Study

This case study examines a case of an LPN who became ill while about halfway through her shift and chose to go home. This LPN was assigned to care for five patients in an obstetrical ward, four of which were considered stable. The fifth patient was awaiting an obstetrical consultation when the LPN became ill and vomited. At this time, she notified the other nurses and, subsequently, the charge nurse that she needed to leave due to illness. The charge nurse instructed her to notify her supervisor prior to leaving the facility; however, the LPN chose not to do so and went home. Her reasoning in not notifying her supervisor as she was instructed was that she feared that the supervisor would ask her to go to the emergency room for care. The LPN testified that she did not want to pay for an emergency visit and that she intended to make an appointment with her family doctor early that same day. The facility terminated the LPN’s contract and also reported her to the state boa rd of nursing for patient abandonment. As a judgment, the board of nursing suspended here nursing license pending a psychological examination and fined her $1000 for abandoning her patients. In this paper, we will examine the viewpoints of the LPN, the charge nurse, and the nursing supervisor as they relate to the Nurse Practice Act and the board of nursing. While the art of nursing has been around for centuries, the United States enacted the first nursing laws in 1903. The first nursing acts where developed as a response to conflict between nursing roles and physician roles. Nursing Practice Acts are enacted by each state’s legislature. Texas enacted the Nurse Practice Act in 1909. These acts are broad in regards to the practice of nursing, so the reg... ...ent’s needs and rights ahead of her own and ultimately do the right thing by her clients. Works Cited McDonald, Mackay & Weitz, llp,(2009). The texas board of nursing. Retrieved from http://www.healthlicensedefense.com/nurseshtml The Texas Board of Nursing,(2009). Nursing practice act. Nursing peer review, nurse licensure compact, & advanced practice registered nurse compact. Austin, TX Texas Board of Nursing, . (2004, February 1). Rules and regulations. Retrieved from http://www.bne.state.tx.us/nursinglaw/rr.html Wilson, N.R. (2011). Legal issues and the school nurse. Retrieved from http://staffweb.esc12.net/~mbooth/school_nurses/New_Nurse_Orientation_Manual/Willson_Nancy_Roper_%20Legal%20Issues%20and%20the%20School_Nurse_7-14-091.pdf Wright, L.D. (2011, February 8). Nursing jurisprudence. Retrieved from http://www.nursing-jurisprudence.com/